Massachusetts Bay Colony

In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Company obtained a charter allowing it to trade and colonize in New England. Its Puritan stockholders envisioned the colony as a refuge from religious persecution. The charter, which ceded lands from three miles south of the Charles River to three miles north of the Merrimack, allowed the company to establish its own government, subject only to the king. Its government was to be placed in the hands of a governor, deputy governor, and eighteen assistants, to be elected annually by the company.

Unlike the poor and humble Pilgrims, the founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony were men of wealth and social position. They left comfortable homes in England to found a Puritan state in America. They got a large tract of land extending from the Merrimac River to the Charles, and westward across the continent.

In the fall of 1630, the Company called the first General Court in the new colony. All male residents were designated as freemen, but they only had the right to choose the colony’s assistants. All legal and judicial powers were retained by the assistants themselves, who elected the governor and deputy governor. They later restricted the right to vote to only those freemen who were Puritans.

The Bay Colony government deeded title for townships to groups of male settlers, who then distributed the land among themselves. And though men of the highest rank received the largest plots, all men received enough land to support their families.

The first winter at Massachusetts Bay Colony was a harsh one. Starvation and disease took the lives of two hundred people, and another two hundred returned to England in the spring. But the core group of Puritans persevered.

The Connecticut Colony

The Massachusetts Puritans drove many people from their colony with their strict rules, but there were others who left of their own free will. They were not content with the Puritans and decided to leave. Among these were the founders of Connecticut. They settled the towns of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield on the Connecticut River.

At about the same time, John Winthrop, Jr. led a colony to Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut River. Up to that time, the Dutch seemed to have the best chance to settle the Connecticut Valley, but the control of that region was then firmly in the hands of the English.

The Connecticut people had no charter, and they wanted something more definite than a vague compact. So in the winter of 1638-39 they met at Hartford and set down on paper a complete set of rules for their guidance. The Connecticut constitution of 1638-39 is looked upon as “the first truly political written constitution in history.” The government they established was similar to that of Massachusetts, with one key exception-in Connecticut you didn’t have to be a member of the church to vote and participate in the government.

Rhode Island

Roger Williams, a Puritan minister, disagreed with the Massachusetts leaders on several points. He thought that the colonists had no right to lands that were not purchased from the Native Americans. And he insisted that the rulers had no power in religious matters. He insisted on these points so strongly that the Massachusetts government expelled him from the colony.

In the spring of 1636, with four companions, he founded the town of Providence. There he decided that every one should be free to worship God as he or she saw fit. Other nonconformists followed Roger Williams to that region, including Anne Hutchinson and William Coddington, who founded Portsmouth in 1638.

A short-lived dispute sent Coddington to the southern tip of Aquidneck Island (purchased from the Narragansetts), where he established Newport in 1639. The fourth original town, Warwick, was settled in 1642 by Samuel Gorton, another dissident from Portsmouth.

These communities were founded on the principle of absolute freedom of conscience. Most of the settlers were people who couldn’t endure the rigors of Puritan theology, law, and custom. In fact, they couldn’t agree among themselves, and for many years Rhode Island was the most turbulent of all the New England colonies. Their soul liberty, as Roger Williams called it, apparently didn’t extend to civil matters.

New HavenJohn Davenport, an extreme Puritan clergyman, and Theophilus Eaton, a London merchant, were the leaders of the Eastland Company that eventually settled the Colony of New Haven. The leaders and many of their followers were men of considerable property. The Company included men and women from London and others from Kent, Hereford, and Yorkshire in England.

Davenport and Eaton were also members of the Massachusetts Bay Company. On arriving in America in June, 1637, they stopped at Boston and remained there during the winter. Pressure was brought on them to make Massachusetts their home, but Davenport wasn’t content to remain where he would be only one among many.

He sent Eaton voyaging to find a suitable place for worship and trade. Eaton suggested that Quinnipiac on the Connecticut shore would be perfect for their new settlement. On April 24, 1638, five hundred English settlers arrived at the harbor to settle permanently on the lands of the Quinnipiac Native Americans.

Before winter most of the colonists who had arrived in April were living on their house-lots, leaving their cellars or other temporary shelters for new-comers. Some of the houses, being occupied by persons of small estates, were presumably such as a Dutch traveler saw at Plymouth, and describes as block-houses built of hewn logs.

At a meeting of the General Court, a body of sixteen members under the leadership of Eaton, in September 1640, the new harbor was officially referred to as New Haven. These leaders felt that in order for New Haven to become a new trading center they should create a series of settlements in the area. These towns would deliver their products to New Haven for export. The leaders of these communities would be members of the General Court, and would meet on a regular basis in New Haven.

The colony’s success soon attracted other believers, as well as those who were not Puritans. They expanded into additional towns: Milford and Guilford in 1639, Stamford in 1640, and later to Fairfield, Medford, Greenwich, and Branford. These towns formally joined together as the New Haven Colony in 1643. They based their government on that of Massachusetts, but they maintained an even stricter adherence to the Puritan discipline.

The New England Confederation

When civil war in England broke out in 1641, the New England colonists-more than twenty thousand, with fifty villages, almost forty churches, and currently without any pressure from the motherland-seriously began to contemplate the establishment of a new nation. In 1643, the British Parliament acknowledged that “the plantations in New England had, by the blessing of the Almighty, had good and prosperous success without any public charge to the parent state.”

The New England Confederation was a political and military alliance of the British colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven. Established in 1643, its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native Americans living in their midst, against the French to their north, and the Dutch in the New Netherland Colony to their west.

The colonists living in Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Maine asked to be admitted to the Confederation, but were denied. Massachusetts Bay Governor John Winthrop said they were refused, “because they ran a different course from us, both in their ministry and civil administration.” Whatever that means.

The business of the confederation was to be transacted by a commission of eight men, two from each colony. A vote of six was required to carry a measure. The expenses as well as the spoils of war were to be divided among the colonies, according to their male populations between the ages of sixteen and thirty years.

The confederation disintegrated in 1654 after Massachusetts Bay Colony refused to join the war against the Netherlands during the First Anglo-Dutch War.

Social Conditions

The New England colonies were all settled on the town system. Each town consisted of a church congregation, with family homes and public buildings. In the middle of the community was the Puritan church, where services were held every Sunday, and by law everyone had to attend. The church building also served as the meeting house, where laws were made and town business was conducted.

There were no crops that demanded large plantations-like the cultivation of tobacco in Virginia. The colonists were small farmers, mechanics, ship-builders, and fishermen. Unable to afford servants or slaves, the colonists relied upon the family labor of their sons and daughters.

The family was the social unit. The healthy climate and good diet enabled parents to raise six or seven children to maturity. By age ten, boys worked with their fathers in the fields and barn, while daughters assisted their mothers in the house and garden. Most sons remained unmarried and worked on the family farm until their middle or late twenties, knowing that their fathers could eventually provide them with a farm from the family rights in the town lands.

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The harp, also known as the national symbol of Ireland, the Celtic cross, the shamrock and the Irish wolfhound are all well known Irish symbols.

Religion…

The majority of the Irish population are Roman Catholic (88%).

National language…

Gaelic is Ireland’s national language. Only in the Gaeltacht (Irish speaking) areas of Ireland will you find that Irish is used as the everyday language. In all other parts of Ireland, English is the spoken language.

Music…

Ireland’s most famous musical export would have to be U2, closely followed by The Boomtown Rats, Thin Lizzy and more recently Boyzone and Westlife.

Hollywood factor…

The cream of the crop includes Richard Harris, Pierce Brosnan, Cillian Murphy and Colin Farrell.

The world of literature…

To our credit, Ireland has produced Bram Stoker, James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, William Butler Yeats, Maeve Binchy and Celia Aherne.

Patron Saint…

Saint Patrick, who brought Christianity to Ireland in around 430. St Patrick’s Day is celebrated in Ireland, and indeed all over the world, on March 17th.

Our capital – Dublin…

Dublin was founded by the Vikings in 988 and was originally called Dubh Linn (which means Black Pool in Irish).

First Saint Patrick’s Day parade…

Boston was the proud host with an event organised by the Charitable Irish Society in 1737.

The White House…

James Hoban, a Kilkenny born architect, won a competition to design the original White House.

Famous outlaws…

Grace O’Malley (Queen of the Pirates) operated off the west coast of Ireland and Ned Kelly (son of an Irish convict) was an infamous Australian outlaw.

Highest mountain…

Killarney, County Kerry is home to the highest mountain – Carrantouhill, part of the mountain range the McGillycuddy Reeks.

Longest river…

The river Shannon rises in County Cavan and is approximately 240 miles long. It contains 3 lakes, Lough Allen, Lough Ree and Lough Derg.

Irish delicacies…

Drisheen is a type of pudding made from cow’s, pigs or sheeps blood. White pudding is a mixture of pork, cereal, bread, fat and suet. Periwinkles are sea snails boiled in salted water.

Guinness…

To trip to Ireland would be complete without sampling a pint of the black stuff! It’s said that no matter where you go in the world, only in Ireland will you be served the most velvety, and creamiest pint of the “black stuff”.

Bailey’s Irish Cream…

This hugely popular liquor has been around since the ’70’s.

Irish pubs…

Stumble upon a “trad night”, throw in the customary singsong, a bit of Irish dancing and you’re in for a crackin’ evening!

A sporting nation…

Irish people are very passionate about Gaelic games – football, hurling, rounders, handball and camogie. Rugby and soccer are also very well supported in Ireland.

The great outdoors…

The Cavan Way, The Dingle Way and The Kerry Way are just some of the country’s scenic walking routes that offer a great opportunity to sample Ireland’s breathtaking countryside.

Sense of humour…

There’s nothing like the Irish sense of humour, wit and play with words. Have a look at the below examples:

“not backwards in coming forwards” – means a person is not shy.

“no flies on him” – means a person is not easily deceived.

“she has a tongue that would clip a hedge” – means a person who gossips.

“come for a day and stay for a week” – means someone outstaying their welcome.

Just a few facts to ponder over – for a small island we certainly have a lot going for us!

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Condoleezza Rice also gave a speech recently at Boston College. She, too, was met with some sarcastic comments, jeers, back turning and banners de-crying the war in Iraq.

What is going on here that two Republicans speaking at colleges would receive mean-spirited reprisals? Is it simply due to freedom of speech, an opposition to war, or is there something much deeper that gives tacit approval to denounce “certain” people and back-off others?

In McCain’s case, he was hit with comments like, “We’re graduating, not voting.” Other lovely quotes like, “It’s not about you, it’s about me” were also used. Hmmmmmm…. Obviously these kids are trying to tell McCain not to use politics as his platform at the event. Now is this due to their being so ethical or is it due to the college being a place of left-wing political thought like so many colleges in this nation? We all know which one.

Let’s change the name McCain to Clinton. Does anyone seriously think Bill or Hillary(Billary) would hear a thing at the New School that was negative? Please. Those same students with their mean-spirited comments would suddenly say stuff like, “Gee, what was said today really makes you think about this world and my place in it.” Blah, blah, blah.

Liberals, left-wingers, communists give speeches at colleges all the time. Virtually all are accepted without a blink. Politics is mentioned constantly. People from the Clintons to the Kennedys to the Jacksons speak at college campuses throughout this nation and make big bucks doing it. Even lesser-known people representing illegal aliens, so-called “civil-rights” activists and even gang members give speeches at colleges. Few jeers or back turning.

But when we get the occasional Supreme Court Justice who is conservative or if we get even a moderate Republican, then suddenly manners fly out the window. This is due to a continual brainwashing of the young at campuses. People like Justice Scalia or Thomas are viewed as the “enemy” that must be stopped. Patrick Buchanan or Pat Robertson are viewed as alien creatures by kids attending schools like New School or New York University or a million others. Suddenly these guys need to be “shut down.” It’s so pathetic and arrogant. Then again, that is what multiculturalism is all about.

Of course, this extends into so many other areas of life. There is a “race case” going on in New York City. About a year ago a kid named Nick Minucci chased out a few black kids from Howard Beach, Queens, a neighborhood known for another race case about twenty years ago where white kids chased out some blacks from the neighborhood and one of the victims was killed after being hit by a car. In the current case, Minucci(aka Fat Nick) took a baseball bat and hit one of the victims all over his body. He used racial epithets during the beating. But things are not so clear. The young black guys entering the mostly white neighborhood admitted they were looking to steal cars that night in the area. Minucci claims they were looking to steal a chain off of him and he got some of his friends and chased the black guys out of the area culminating in one of the black guys taking a beating.

When Fat Nick was arrested in the case, he was immediately hit with a hate-crimes charge which brings extra time in jail. Since he was on probation from another incident several years before, he was thrown in jail in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day. He has sat there for nearly a year awaiting trial. A bail proceeding nearly agreed to was quashed by a judge.

Compare that with the case of the recent killing of a young white man in Harlem by the name of John Hehman. Hehman was visiting a friend in the area and was known as a great guy. Several young black kids were robbing people in the area and saw him as an easy mark. Hehman had just given money to a wheelchair-bound person when he was set upon. They grabbed him and punched him in his face. He broke free from the mob who was yelling “get the whiteboy.” Totally terrified, Hehman ran into traffic and was hit by a car. He later died.

The youths in this case lucked out. Since they are in their early teens, they will not be charged as adults. Slippery legal language gets them little punishment, too. Worse, the police deemed this no hate-crime. They said robbery was the main motive and that’s that.

Anyone with sanity knows the obvious: New York City is a multicultural, politically-correct town as are so many cities. A white kid saying anything racial or committing an act on someone “of color” will get hit much harder than the opposite which is far more common. No politicians or protesters will be there for someone like John Hehman. District attorneys do not feel the heat as much. Someone like Fat Nick brings out the wolves. Politicians, media and “civil-wrongs” groups pop-up out of the woodwork with their combination gutless and racist agenda. One guy sits in a jail cell for 23 hours a day like he is a member of Al-Qeada while the others get tagged as “knuckleheads” or “not bad kids” despite them being responsible for the death of a human being.

Dishonesty has ruled for so long that people have no clue what is right. Multiculturalism has no place for white men, Republicans or enforcement. It has plenty of space for deceit, agitation, never-ending excuse making, people of color with the “right” views, etc. It has no place for facts. It wants our borders to be bombarded with illegal aliens. It hates traditions. Guys like McCain and Robertson are hated in such an environment.

To hear the word multiculturalism should make most people very tense. It sounds nice on paper but the agenda is evil. A good guy named McCain suffered because he is outside that agenda. A not-so-good-guy named Minucci is being treated like Bin-Laden because he absolutely does not represent the agenda. Low-down “youths” who kill a white guy are far more tolerated.

Multiculturalism is a cult like Jim Jones’ followers or the people at Waco, Texas blown away by enforcement agents.

You either represent all Americans or you don’t. Multiculturalism does not and never will.

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In March of 2011, Jim Canelos was arrested in Mohave County, Arizona for wearing a flag hat at a county supervisors’ meeting that prohibited wearing hats.

In February of 2010, Mervin Fried was arrested in Kingman, Arizona for bringing a symbolic pitchfork to a protest in a county administration building. Fried argued that the county already allowed citizens to carry guns-a more dangerous weapon-into government buildings, and was later acquitted.

Most notably, in November of 2009, ten protestors angry over ObamaCare were arrested for engaging in disorderly conduct outside Nancy Pelosi’s office in Washington, D.C. The ralliers were discovered to have been organized by rabid anti-abortion activist and Democrat Randall Terry of Operation Rescue.

That’s it! A dozen Tea Party arrests in two-and-a-half years, most tied to anti-abortion protestors. Given the media’s left-wing slant, you can be sure that every arrest ever made at a Tea Party rally in the tiniest hamlet in the country has been thoroughly documented.

Now that we’ve gotten that straight, let’s examine the arrest record of Occupy Wall Street, which just hit its one-month anniversary:

• Several weeks ago in New York, over 700 protesters were arrested for marching into the vehicular lanes of the Brooklyn Bridge against police orders and cutting off traffic;

• Last Tuesday 129 protestors were arrested in Boston and 6 in D.C. for trespassing and disorderly conduct;

• On Saturday 92 protestors were arrested in New York for occupying a branch of Citibank, knocking down police barriers, and other offenses;

• Also on Saturday, 53 protestors in Tucson, 24 in Denver, and 19 in Raleigh were arrested for occupying public parks after closing time;

• On Sunday 175 protestors in Chicago were arrested for setting up a tent city and occupying Congress Plaza near Grant Park;

• Also on Sunday, 46 protestors were arrested in Phoenix for refusing to evacuate a public park at closing time

This is just a partial list and includes only roundups at the most high-profile rallies in the biggest cities.

Let’s not forget the recent riots abroad, mostly in Western Europe, inspired by the Occupy Wall Street protests. In Rome on Saturday, police arrested protestors for breaking windows, destroying statues, spraying graffiti on churches, vandalizing bank lobbies and ATM machines, smashing police cruisers, and setting dumpsters, cars, and military depots on fire; attacking police with batons, rocks, bottles, fire extinguishers, and bombs; injuring hundreds of innocents, mostly police officers; and causing millions in damage to public property and untold damage to private property.

(In one delicious footnote, Roman protestors expressed indignation that police hadn’t made more arrests of their most violent compatriots early on, so that the whole group wouldn’t be discredited. Damned if you enforce the law, damned if you don’t.)

So let’s examine the totals: 12 arrests for the Tea Party rallies, which have been going on for 30 months; and 1200 arrests for the Occupy Wall Street mobs, which have been going on for 30 days.

It’s awfully close, but I’m going to have to suggest that Occupy Wall Street is less law-abiding than the Tea Party. Yet to hear the mainstream media present it, Occupy Wall Street is every bit as peaceful and legitimate as the Tea Party.

The disparate treatment given to these wildly uneven tallies reflects the double standard set by the left-leaning media: One Tea Partier raising his fist in anger over intrusive government is as alarming as one thousand Occupy Wall Street protestors clashing with police.

Some commentators have noted that Occupy Wall Street and the Tea Party both began out of anger over the nation’s largest banks being bailed out. Though the sources of their grievances overlap, the Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street have used vastly different tactics to get across their messages. Ironically, the Tea Party, which is more suspicious of government, has been following the letter of the law. Occupy Wall Street, which favors more government regulation, has been trampling all over the law.

This irony is easily explainable: The Tea Party believes the government has legitimate, limited functions, such as the power of the police and courts to protect people from the initiation of force and violation of property rights. In contrast, Occupy Wall Street believes legitimate functions of government include providing universal healthcare, free college education, and a living wage; naturally, they see its policing functions as rather superfluous and heavy-handed, if not downright militaristic.

Thus, we have the spectacle of defense lawyers representing over 800 defendants in Manhattan’s criminal court system demanding that all charges be dropped for the protestors, and threatening individual trials for the miscreants, thus further clogging the system’s already overstuffed caseload. (Prepare for agitators to crow that their struggle was victorious and their motives vindicated after overburdened prosecutors inevitably throw in the towel.)

Just before the fall 2008 bank bailout, which most Democrats supported and most Republicans opposed, President Bush infamously observed that he had “abandoned free market principles to save the free market system.”

The members of a protest movement that claims to be concerned with justice have been wildly indiscriminate in their violation of the law. Occupy Wall Street protestors apparently believe they must abandon our civilized system of government in order to save it.

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Moving is always a challenge. There are so many financial mishaps we have to watch out for in the process of moving. But, moving while simultaneously watching your budget doesn’t mean you have to have a sub-par moving experience. Instead, plan in advance so that you’ll have researched plenty of money-saving options. These tips that follow are intended to help you have a smooth transition to a new home while maintaining a full wallet.

Start Early and Save Money

The phrase “time is money” is very true. The earlier you start planning, the more you’ll save. Map out how much money you’ll be willing to spend for your budget and try your best to stick to it. If you have to move by plane, then reserve your flight and hotel rooms as soon as possible because that’s when you’ll get the cheapest bargains. If you plan to move by car, map out a route that will accommodate your budget considering expenditures such as gas, tolls, food, and hotel stays.

Very often, people forget to consider the following moving expenses: home repairs, rental costs, pet care, storage costs, and monetary tips for professional movers. Record all expenditures you make for the sake of your moving process so that you will have an accurate tabulation at the end.

Don’t forget to save all receipts. A good chunk of moving costs can be tax deductible, so maintain your files and then hand it over to your accountant who will be able to distinguish which is and which is not tax deductible.

To Hire or Not to Hire

One of the first decisions is whether to opt for professional furniture removalists, obtaining a moving truck rental, or to seek a self-service moving company. If you don’t want to operate a truck, consider professional furniture removalists.

No matter what option you go by, always keep track of how many charges the moving will cost you so you can obtain as accurate of tabulation as possible. Stay cautious when given extremely cheap estimates and always review references before making an actual hire (for movers).

On to Packing

The next step is to gather all your possessions as soon as you can. Unless an item deserves special attention from professionals (i.e. a baby grand piano), do the packing yourself. Always be on the lookout for supplies you’ll need such as boxes, newspaper, tape, trash bags, and scissors. People list these items for cheap in local newsletter ads or your neighbors might have some available as well. Wrap all your delicates (i.e. ceramic dishes) in your blankets and towels rather than paying for bubble wrap.

If you don’t feel like you want certain items anymore, have a garage sale. As long as you plan things in advance and use free advertising venues, you should be able to sell off a lot of things. It also saves you and your movers the effort. If you do not feel like having a garage sale, consider packing up the unwanted goods as a donation to a local charity.

Finally, involve your friends and family in the moving process. The more hands, the better because you won’t need to hire nearly as many movers and you will very likely have people willing to act as babysitters or pet sitters. Reward your helpers with plenty of fueling snack items throughout the moving day and plan a good, home-cooked meal at the end of the process as a thank you present.

Being resourceful with your money involves good planning and some creativity. Please utilize these tips to make your moving experience a pleasant one. This will map out your start at your new home to be a positive beginning.

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Taxation on Land

One of the areas that has been suggested and that has had some states and cities impose tax on charities is in real estate taxes. Hospitals, colleges and other charities own huge chunks of land and real estate throughout the U.S. However, most of these organizations do not pay real estate taxes on these properties. However, cities like Philadelphia, Boston, and Providence are now proposing or actually taxing large non-profit organizations that own land in their cities. The rationale is that it is unfair to subsidize taxes for some of these large and well-funded organizations with a lot of property at the peril of taxpayers, some of whom cannot afford any property. In most cases, only large non-profit organizations with good funding will own land and real estate and can therefore, comfortably afford to pay real estate taxes without affecting their cause.

Unrelated Trade or Business Income

When a charity organization does business on the side for profit purposes to increase in its funding or to grow a revolving fund, such profits may be taxed. The profits made from side business conducted by charity organizations are referred to as unrelated trade or business income (UTBI). However, the taxation of such funds is subject to various tax guidelines.

Taxation on Large Organizations

The other argument in supporting taxation on non-profit organizations is that some of these organizations collect surplus funds that are even more than what profit organizations make in revenues. Large colleges such as Ivy League Universities have large financial endowments by any standards. For example, Harvard University had endowments worth $26 billion even after the recession, with many organizations pulling out funding for the institution. In 2008, Yale had donations to the tune of $22 billion. These are indeed, huge funds even in the profit-making world. Though it may seem unfair to have such organizations taxed as contribute a lot towards education, it is also worth noting that these organizations that raise billions in funding also consume public services (such as roads and public utilities) and do not pay for them. In these hard economic times, it may seem fair to have these organizations chip in to the running of services that they themselves consume – in the common attitude of shared responsibility.

Case in Point – City of Providence

The city of Providence is one of the cities to recently impose taxes on non-profit organizations. The taxation rule announced by the city mayor, Mayor Angel Taveras, drew a lot of media and public attention. About 40% of the land in the city of Providence that is valued for billions of dollars is owned by non-profit organizations. For example, Brown University that is situated in the city owns land valued at about $1 billion. Nine of the charities that the city is targeting to pay real estate taxes are expected to raise about $100 million if they pay the proposed real estate tax for charities that is set at 25% of the normal real estate taxes.

With such cities having imposed certain taxes on non-profit organizations, other city charities are anxious to see whether the trend will pick up as states and cities seek to raise revenues to bridge their deficits.

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Coffee – Books and coffee go hand-in-hand. The smell of freshly-roasting coffee (and baked goods) creates a warm, inviting atmosphere that makes customers want to curl up in one of your chairs and read a book. Every good bookstore should offer beverages-make sure you have more than just coffee for those who don’t like it.

Book launch parties – Host a release party for highly-anticipated books. Welcome customers and their families, who will be eager to be among the first people in the area to purchase the new book. Plan activities and games that are related to the subject of the book, and provide refreshments for your customers while they browse through the aisles. Hang vinyl banners up in your store letting customers know when the book will be released so they can mark their calendars for the launch event.

College discount programs – College textbooks are a huge market, and a great way to capitalize on them is by offering a discount program for college students. Textbooks are incredibly-expensive, so by showing you’re willing to make a little less money on each one, you’ll gain a lot of new customers-both students and their parents. Most campuses have their own bookstore, so going through the college probably isn’t the best approach, but contact student groups and post vinyl decals in your store that let them know about your program.

Readings/signings – Signings are an always-effective tool for increasing traffic in your store. Contact lesser-known authors that have a loyal following, and encourage their readers to bring friends to the store to learn about the book and meet the author. Have book readings to bring in children and their parents. This shows that you support literacy in the community and the parents have an opportunity to shop your products while their kids are listening to the reading.

Donation programs – Another great way to show support for the community and boost your PR is to host book donation drives. Offer customers a percentage discount on a new book purchase when they bring you gently-used books, which you can donate to children’s shelters, hospitals, etc. Use a banner outside your store, or even yard signs around your book donation parcels to let customers know where and when they can donate.

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These tips are especially helpful if you do not have air conditioning in your car, truck, or SUV. The first tip which anyone can follow is to park under the shade, even if you do have air conditioning. Parking under the shade rather than the direct sunlight can make a big difference. Being under a big shade tree can cool the temperatures ten to fifteen degrees or more. Even a small amount of shade is better than no shade at all. Finding shade can be difficult sometimes and most trees are on the outer edges of a parking lot. You may have to walk further to an entrance, but when you return to your car the cooler temperature will make the walk worth it.

Another free tip which any vehicle owner can use it to crack the windows open a bit. Doing this can help to ventilate your car instead of having steam or hot air build up in your car. The windows on your vehicle have the same effects of a green house. Opening them up will allow more air to be let out of the car. You should only crack the windows open a small amount because you do not want your vehicle vandalized. If you are afraid of your car being broken into, there are other tips to help keep your car cooler in the summer.

Having some type of cover on your windows to block the sun is another great tip. An inexpensive way to cover your windows is to buy a sun shade. You can find sun shades in different colors and materials, and all are great for blocking the sun. If you want something more permanent that can block the sun while your driving is to have your vehicle windows tinted. This is more costly then purchasing a sun shade but it is a wise investment. You can have your windows professionally tinted or buy at home tinting kits.

When you are not driving your car and if you are at home, you should park your car in a garage. Garage parking is always better than parking on the street or your driveway because it protects your car from sun and other weather elements. Parking in a garage will keep your car cool until you are ready to leave your house.

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Every day thousands of vehicles like cars, boats, trucks, bikes and motor cycles etc becomes government, banks or police properties in cities like New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Boston etc. These cars are normally autos seized from individuals by police or other government officials for breaking of law and order in the society while some of the cars are also autos repossessed by banks from individuals or companies for default payment of loans.

The alternative way the government, banks or police normally use to dispose these vehicles is through car auctions, with the help of some sincere car auction services you can easily find autos in your area that are available for auctions, bid on them and watch closely to see when you win the bid,as for me this is the cheapest way to get a car for cheap.

A brand new car could be yours by just bidding for the amount you can afford in car auctions. Choose Cars is one of the cool places you can search for cars that are open for auction. It doesn’t matter where you live, you can stay in New York and bid for a car in Los Angeles if you win the bid you can still have the car for real. I have taken time to find the available sources to search for these repossessed and seized cars, reviewed them and made my recommendation.

Most people have relayed on car auction to get their next car. Buying car from auctions is simple, you can easily seat in the comfort of your home, bid for a car in the auction market from home, watch who bids higher than you and rebid if you wish, if at the end of the auto auction you are able to win the bid for the car, the car is all yours, you simply pay for the amount of bid you made and drive your car home.

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True story: A man, let’s refer to him as Junior VIP, comes into a major hospital in the wee hours of the morning with abdominal pain, mostly located to the right and downward from the belly button. His lab values indicate he has some type of infection, and he has been running a slight fever. Appendicitis is suspected. A CT scan is obtained, which neither rules in nor rules out appendicitis. At this point, about two hours after presenting to the ER, Junior VIP has been seen by the ER physician, ER nurse, senior surgical resident and chief surgical resident. The attending physician now examines the patient and agrees that appendicitis cannot be ruled out and admits Junior VIP to the hospital, explaining to JVIP that we don’t want to miss anything but we also don’t want to do an unnecessary surgery for what may turn out to be a viral illness. Therefore, we will admit, obtain further labs, give fluids, keep him from eating, and observe his condition during the day. If he improves, there will be no need for surgery. If he gets worse, we will take him immediately to the operating room. JVIP agrees to this plan, but soon becomes agitated in the ER. “When am I going to get my room,” he complains to the ER nurse, followed by “It smells in here. Did someone crap their pants?” followed by “There are drunks in here, get me out of here right now!” The ER nurse, then the ER physician, as well as the residents, explain that the hospital is very full but they are working as fast as they can to obtain an available bed as soon as possible. JVIP tells them to hurry, and make sure it’s a private room. But after one more hour of being in the ER, JVIP decides he can’t stand it any more, and checks out Against Medical Advice.

Being a (Junior) VIP, he is incensed at his “shabby” treatment, and uses his connections to contact the local newspaper outlet, the local television news outlet, the mayor’s office, and several prominent friends who are tight with the hospital board members. The attending surgeon, who saw the patient two hours ago, and is now in the OR where he plans to finish his first case of the day and then check on JVIP to see how he is doing, gets a phone call from the CEO of the hospital, demanding that he break scrub to discuss this “unacceptable” matter. This, within five minutes of receiving a phone call from the surgical resident explaining that the patient has checked out AMA, another phone call from the local television news asking for a comment on a story they are doing about Delays In Diagnosis For Severe Medical Conditions, another phone call from a physician colleague in the hospital who wants to know what happened with her friend JVIP and why he didn’t get treated, and a phone call from JVIP’s lawyer. Two more phone calls from the Chair of Surgery–all this while the attending surgeon is trying to operate–and it is established that JVIP will be returning to the hospital, will go directly to preop and be taken immediately to surgery. No more tests, no observation, no more “flimflam” is the word from above.

Eight hours after checking out AMA the patient is seen by the attending surgeon in preop, advised that his problem may have nothing to do with his appendix and that this surgery may be unnecessarily exposing him to risks of infection, bleeding, and further surgery in the future, to which JVIP answers: “Get on with it!” He is taken to the OR, a diagnostic laparoscopy is performed, no intra-abdominal pathology is noted, and per protocol the appendix, although it does not appear inflamed, is removed. The patient is discharged home the following day. Final pathology on the appendix shows a normal appendix with no infection.

Not only is this story true, it is repeated every day in hospitals across the country. It even has its own name: VIP Syndrome. The VIP Syndrome has been a recognized phenomenon in medicine since at least 1964. It is described as generally poorer care that is given to a patient of particular influence–due to money, fame, political power, or connections to powerful community members–because of deviation from the standard of care. The changes made to the standard of care can be too much of something, too little, or things totally inappropriate. These decisions are made because of fear of causing discomfort, or embarrassment or lack of privacy to the VIP, the VIP’s own demands, and the feelings of caregivers that they must do something different for the special patient.

As a surgical resident, I spent many months on trauma rotation at a very busy “Level One” trauma hospital. As there were dozens of traumas every day, we got very good exposure to trauma care, and consequently became very competent at it. The Chief of Trauma used to admonish us often that he hoped if his wife was ever the victim of a motor vehicle crash and brought in as a trauma patient that we would treat her exactly like a Saturday Night Drunk. Starting at about 11 p.m. Saturday and continuing until dawn Sunday, the SNDs would crash their cars, sustain various injuries, and be brought to us by ambulance. They would he bloody, messy, smelly, often screaming and cursing, and reeking of alcohol. We followed the same procedure on everyone: Primary Exam, with a quick look at airway, breathing, major circulatory problems and immediate threat to life, with life-saving interventions as needed; Secondary Exam, head to toe, every body part inspected; standard labs; standard set of X-rays called a trauma series; a decision made to proceed to the OR or obtain further testing; followed by a series of CT scans determined by the findings of the X-rays, usually including head, cervical spine, chest, abdomen and pelvic CT scans; then admission to the appropriate ward of the hospital, followed by another complete head to toe exam several hours later, to ensure nothing was missed. To accomplish this took at least two ER nurses, two surgical residents, an attending trauma surgeon, an anesthesia attending, a nurse anesthetist, two OR nurses, an ER technician, a radiologist, as well as consults from many specialists, depending on their injuries (eg, orthopedics, head and neck surgery, neurosurgery). The process took hours to get through, often with the SND screaming and puking all over us, all in the middle of a busy, noisy, smelly ER, all of which we ignored and carried on with what we knew was the right thing to do. Yes, they were drunk and annoying, and many of them were repeat customers, but they were also very at risk for severe injury. Yelling and cursing, for example, might be due to the alcohol, or it might be a sign or severe pain or a head injury. We knew the protocol and we knew if we followed it we were not going to miss anything.

Now imagine a scenario in which the Trauma Chief’s wife comes in to the trauma bay, with the following results: We can’t cut her clothes off, it might embarrass her, meanwhile missing a major injury. Or: We can’t put this cervical collar on, because it might be uncomfortable, and then it turns out she has a c-spine injury and is paralyzed because of our “niceness”. Or: Don’t put such a big IV into her, it might hurt, meanwhile having no way to resuscitate her when it turns out she has a major bleed. Or: Let’s not get so many CT scans, it’s too scary for her to be in there all alone, meanwhile missing any number of internal injuries. Examples abound, but the bottom line is VIP = substandard care. In the end, the SNDs were getting the best care, which is what the Trauma Chief wanted for everyone, including his wife.

I had many opportunities to witness this phenomenon as a resident. Many patients have the idea that residents are not “real” doctors and therefore provide a lower level of care, and insist that the attending physician is the only one who they will talk to. What these people never realized is that they are hurting their own health. The general practitioner “one doctor for everything” phenomenon works fine when all the GP has to do is prescribe physics and pull teeth, but that concept has no place in modern medicine. Medicine today is a team sport, involving, in a typical hospital stay, 50-100 professionals–attending physicians, consultants, residents, nurses, technicians, physician assistants, pathologists, lab assistants, radiologists and a host of other hospital personnel. It’s expensive but comprehensive. Removing integral parts of that team is like trying to fly an airplane that’s missing several of its components, or having a patient tell me to operate blindfold and with one hand tied behind my back. Both can be done, but with similarly disastrous results.

The greatest irony in the case of Junior VIP is that the reason the hospital was full on that particular day and he didn’t get a room right away–beyond the bed shortages that are now endemic to hospitals that must operate at 100% occupancy or go bankrupt–is that another VIP, let’s call him “Super VIP,” had given the hospital a substantial donation so that he could have an entire wing to himself for recovery after an elective surgery. The wing was needed to accommodate all his guards and gofers and general hangers-on, all of whom provided a blockade to his health care providers. Which meant that nurses and residents and fellows and lab techs were sent away, which added up to care way below the standard for Super VIP. A homeless drunken man who trips and falls in front of the hospital will receive better care than either Junior or Super VIP, because Mr. Homeless Guy will get the standard of care with no deviations, while the VIPs use their power to hurt themselves.

The most annoying part of all this is that Junior VIP is probably going to sue. For what? It doesn’t matter. Lawyers know that juries often hand out large cash awards, not because the doctor did anything wrong, but because they feel sorry for the patient. After all, it’s only insurance money, those insurance companies have plenty of money, and who cares if the doctor’s career is trashed. And who writes the laws that allow this foolishness? Other lawyers, of course. So JVIP will sue for Delay of Care (even though that was his own fault) or Pain and Suffering (never mind that he caused way more of that to the people around him than he suffered himself) or Unnecessary Surgery (even though he demanded it). And caught in the middle of all this is the surgeon, who just wants to do his job, treat his patients, make them well, and send them home healthy.

Even for those rich enough or connected enough to have a personal physician follow them around the world, that’s not going to help with anything except little stuff. For anything major, someone needing medical help is going to end up having to talk to a specialist, a surgeon for example, or a neurologist or whatever, and then have to be seen by that doctor either in a clinic, if it can wait a few days, or in an ER, if it’s an emergency. And on any given day in any ER in this country, even to foo-foo private ones that cater to the rich and powerful (like the Frist family’s Hospital Corp.), there are going to be drunks, and nasty smells, and noise, and lots of chaos. And bed shortages. Screaming and complaining and calling your congressman won’t change that.

This is not to say that patients shouldn’t be advocates for their own health, of course they should. They should ask questions, and read all about their diseases, and get second opinions (or third and fourth opinions if they’re not satisfied). But anyone who thinks that pulling rank is going to improve care should conduct the following experiment: The next time you get on an airplane, first go to the air traffic control tower and fire everyone in there, since you know so much; then fire the aircraft mechanics and service the plane yourself; then fire the pilot and fly the plane yourself. And afterwards, if you survive the crash, consider not making those same mistakes when you get sick.

We may not be as well-connected as politicians, or as famous as celebrities, or as rich as lawyers, but we do know about health, and we do try to do our best for our patients’ health, even those patients who do everything they can to prevent us from helping.

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